See also: History of ancient Egypt Ramesses II receiving courtiers in audience - Nineteenth Dynasty - British Museum.Īt no time between 3150 and 30 BCE were the institutions of the Pharaonic monarchy framed by a charter or a constitutional text. This legislation, kept in the archives and placed under the responsibility of the vizier, applies to all, for the common good and social agreement. As the only legislator, the laws and decrees he promulgates are inspired by divine wisdom. Pharaoh is always the sole victor standing up and knocking out a bunch of prisoners or shooting arrows from his battle chariot. Like Ra who fights the serpent Apophis, the king of Egypt repels the plunderers of the desert, fights the invading armies and defeats the internal rebels. Chief of the armies, the pharaoh is the brave protector of the borders. As the nurturing father of the people, Pharaoh ensures prosperity by calling upon the gods to regulate the waters of the Nile, by opening the granaries in case of famine and by guaranteeing a good distribution of arable land. Also, every member of the administration acts only in the name of the royal person, by delegation of power.įrom the Pyramid Texts, the political actions of the sovereign are framed by a single maxim: "Bring Maat and repel Isfet", that is to say, promote harmony and repel chaos. More widely, the pharaonic gesture covers all the fields of activity of the collective and ignores the separation of powers. The only human being admitted to dialogue with the gods on an equal level, Pharaoh is the supreme officiant the first of the priests of the country. Filled with goods, the gods must favorably activate the forces of nature for a common benefit to all Egyptians. This piety expresses the hope of a just return of service. ![]() In the religious speech, he is however only their humble servant, a zealous servant who makes multiple offerings. In this iconography, the pharaoh is invariably represented as the equal of the gods. In the sanctuaries, the image of the sovereign is omnipresent through parietal scenes and statues. To the former, he ensured the proper performance of rituals in the temples to the latter, he guaranteed agricultural prosperity, the defense of the territory and impartial justice. As a central figure of the state, the pharaoh is the obligatory intermediary between the gods and humans. The functions of the Pharaoh are the various religious and governmental activities performed by the king of Egypt during Antiquity (between the years 3150 and 30 BC). ![]() Pharaoh's duties in the Ancient Egypt Pharaoh Amenhotep II making an offering to the gods - Eighteenth Dynasty - Egyptological Museum of Turin.
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